Author: Jerome A Shaju

Introduction The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides precise location (latitude, longitude, altitude) and time information globally. Operated by the U.S. Space Force, GPS relies on a constellation of satellites, ground control stations, and user receivers to deliver accurate positioning data. This document delves into the technical workings of GPS,… Continue reading Working of the Global Positioning System

Introduction The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C or I²C) protocol is a widely used serial communication protocol designed for short-distance communication between integrated circuits on the same circuit board. Developed by Philips (now NXP Semiconductors) in the 1980s, I2C is commonly used in embedded systems for connecting microcontrollers to peripherals like sensors, displays, and memory devices. Key… Continue reading I2C Protocol

Overview This document provides a general guide for creating a custom Fritzing part for any electronic component not available in the Fritzing library. The process involves designing SVG images in Inkscape, importing them into Fritzing, and configuring the part’s properties to ensure compatibility with circuit diagrams across breadboard, schematic, and PCB views. Prerequisites Software: Inkscape… Continue reading Creating a Custom Fritzing Part

Tactile sensors, small but critical components in robotics, enable robots to sense touch, pressure, and surface properties, mimicking human skin. Recent 2025 advancements, such as GelSight Svelte and e-Flesh, have revolutionized robotic manipulation by providing high-resolution, flexible, and affordable tactile sensing. Key Features High-Resolution Sensing: GelSight Svelte uses camera-based technology to capture detailed surface textures… Continue reading Tactile Sensors (GelSight and e-Flesh)

KiKit is a powerful tool designed to facilitate the panelization of PCBs in KiCAD, streamlining the manufacturing process. Below is a structured overview of its documentation, focusing on panelization. 1. Introduction to KiKit KiKit is an automation tool that integrates with KiCAD to assist in the panelization of PCBs. It allows users to create panels… Continue reading Comprehensive Documentation for KiKit Panelization in KiCAD

Introduction A Universal Battery Eliminator Circuit (UBEC) is a device used in radio-controlled (RC) models and other electronic applications to provide a stable and regulated voltage supply from a battery or other power source. It is particularly popular in applications where a lightweight and compact power solution is required, such as in drones, RC cars,… Continue reading UBEC (Universal Battery Eliminator Circuit): An Overview

Introduction Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is a method for producing electronic circuits in which the components are mounted directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). This technology has largely replaced traditional through-hole mounting techniques due to its numerous advantages, including reduced size, improved performance, and lower manufacturing costs. SMT is widely used in… Continue reading Surface Mount Technology (SMT): An Overview

Introduction Flexible Printed Circuit Boards (FPCBs) are a type of printed circuit board that can bend, twist, and fold without losing functionality. They are made from flexible substrates, typically polyimide or polyester, which allow for a high degree of flexibility and adaptability in various applications. FPCBs are increasingly used in modern electronics due to their… Continue reading Flexible Printed Circuit Boards (FPCBs): An Overview

Introduction High-Density Interconnect (HDI) printed circuit boards (PCBs) are advanced circuit boards that utilize a higher density of components and interconnections than traditional PCBs. This technology is essential in modern electronics, where miniaturization and performance are critical. HDI PCBs are widely used in various applications, including smartphones, tablets, medical devices, automotive electronics, and aerospace systems.… Continue reading High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCBs: An Overview

Introduction An AC generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy in the form of alternating current (AC). It is widely used in power generation systems. Main Components Stator: Stationary part containing armature windings. Produces alternating voltage when the rotor rotates. Rotor: Rotating part of the generator. Contains field windings or permanent… Continue reading AC Generator