Modulation and Demodulation If an input signal (=message) is imposed onto a carrier signal this process is called modulation. The modulated signal is broadcasted to the receiver. Demodulation is the opposite, where the original signal (= message) is recovered from the modulated carrier wave. Basic modulation types Modulation means how analog or digital information are… Continue reading LoraWAN – Modulation
Tag: lora
Lorawan – Link Budget and Link Margin
Link Budget and Link Margin A link budget is the sum of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (aka free space), to the receiver in a telecommunication system. It is a way of quantifying the link performance. Transmitter: The radio transmitter value must be specified in dbm, otherwise you… Continue reading Lorawan – Link Budget and Link Margin
LoraWAN – Propagation, Fresnel zone
Propagation is the way radio waves travel through free space (also known as medium). The way these waves travel may impact its signal strength. Line-of-sight propagation The radio waves travels directly from sender to receiver without any obstacles. If the distance between sender and receiver gets larger, the signal will get weaker. This loss is… Continue reading LoraWAN – Propagation, Fresnel zone
ST Link V2
The ST-LINK/V2 is an in-circuit debugger and programmer for the STM8 and STM32 microcontroller families. The single wire interface module (SWIM) and JTAG/serial wire debugging (SWD) interfaces are used to communicate with any STM8 or STM32 microcontroller located on an application board. Much similar in architecture for debugging, the ST-LINK/V2 and the ST-LINK/V2-ISOL share the… Continue reading ST Link V2
STM32 Categories and Naming schemes
The STM32 boards do not have nicknames like the Arduino boards more over they are known/named after the microcontroller chip they have. So lets familiarize their naming conventions Naming convention The name of every STM32 MCU starts with STM32, which denotes the MCU family. That is then followed by a single uppercase letter, which describes… Continue reading STM32 Categories and Naming schemes
Decibel – LoRaWAN
dB · A decibel (dB) is a unit of measurement used to express the ratio of powers, sound pressures or other things on a logarithmic scale. · The decibel was invented by Bell Labs and named after Alexander Graham Bell. · In this tutorial the decibel is used to express the ratio of electrical powers (meaning Watts). A… Continue reading Decibel – LoRaWAN
LoraWAN Classes
LoRaWAN Device Classes · The LoRaWAN specification defines three device classes. Class A · At any time an end node can broadcast a signal. After this uplink transmission (tx) the end node will listen for a response from the gateway. · The end node opens two receive slots at t1 and t2 seconds after an uplink transmission. The… Continue reading LoraWAN Classes
LoRaWAN – Rules and regulations
ISM Band LoRa operates in the unlicensed ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio band that is available worldwide. In India, LoRaWAN operates in the 865-868 MHz frequency band. Devices such as microwave ovens, medical equipments or baby monitors all uses the ISM band ISM band advantages: Anyone can use these frequencies. No license… Continue reading LoRaWAN – Rules and regulations
LoRaWAN Network and Components.
LoRa LoRa is an acronym for Long Range, and it is a wireless technology where a low powered sender transmits small data packages (0.3 kbps to 5.5 kbps) to a receiver over a long distance. LoRa is a physical proprietary radio communication technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread… Continue reading LoRaWAN Network and Components.
Low Power Wide area network
LPWAN stands for Low Power Wide Area Network and this type of wireless communication is designed for sending small data packages over long distances, operating on a battery. There are several competing technologies in the LPWAN space such as Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Sigfox, LoRa and others. LPWAN is not a single technology, but a group… Continue reading Low Power Wide area network